Penicillin

Hello everybody!!
Today's lesson is about penicillin! Some of you might not know what penicillin is, but I'm gonna teach you! Here's our lesson plan!

• What is penicillin?
• Who created penicillin? 
• What are antibiotics?
• Why are mice used to test antibiotics?
• Why are antibiotic overdoses bad?
• What was Alexander Fleming's contribution to penicillin?

Let's get started!!

1. What is penicillin? Penicillin is an antibiotic used to fight bacteria in your body.  It is used to fight infectious diseases such as pneumonia, gonorrhea, rheumatic fever, and ear infections. Penicillin was the very first natural antibiotic to ever be created! Good job, Mr. Fleming!
2. Who created penicillin? Alexander Fleming created penicillin in 1948, but it was not confirmed and used in hospitals until November 19, 1999. 
3. What are antibiotics? Antibiotics are medicinal drugs used to kill or prevent reproduction in harmful bacteria. Before antibiotics were made, if you had an infected cut, all doctors could do was sit and wait, and hope that the infection didn't spread. After penicillin was made, the doctors could finally do something that stopped the infections!
4. Why were mice used to test penicillin? Well, normally, scientists used Guinea pigs or hamsters to test medicines. For some reason, Mr. Fleming decided to use mice. If he hadn't used mice, there would be no penicillin right now, because drugs are toxic to Guinea pigs and hamsters! Maybe Mr. Fleming knew, maybe he didn't, but if he had used Guinea pigs, they would have died, and penicillin would have been put aside as dysfunctional. 
5. Why are antibiotic overdoses bad? Antibiotic overdoses don't have the same effects as other drug overdoses, but if you use penicillin, and even one bacterial cell gets away, that cell has immunity to penicillin. If that cell reproduces, that immunity is passed from the parent to the offspring, and if that cell reproduces, what happens? It just goes on and on. The more you use antibiotics, the more cells have immunity to that drug!
6. Believe it or not, the founding of penicillin was an accident! Fleming found a certain type of mold in an old unwashed petri dish. He later found out that that mold held a medicine that we now call penicillin! 

Here's this YouTube video that I found explaining how penicillin was found a little bit more in detail:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qeZLLhx5kU

I think that's it for today! Comment any questions that you may have! Also, feel free to use any information on this post! Have a good day!

Lydia

Blog posts

Hello, everybody! It's Lydia! I want to continue to write on this blog, but in order to do that, I need you guys to tell me what you want me to teach! Just comment a topic, and I will talk to my science partners, and hopefully we'll make a post explaining all that you need to know! Thanks in advance!
~~Lydia

Microbes

Hello everybody! It's just Lydia today. This year, Olivia is not doing class, so I will be running this blog on my own... Today's lesson is all about microbes. We will be going over basic things, like what microbes are, are they good or bad? I hope this helps all of you guys!

A microbe is a tiny organism living in your body, and in the body of almost every living creature. Microbes are actually good for you. They keep you skinny by boosting your metabolism rate. They also fight disease just by taking up space that bacteria would normally inhabit.

The four major kinds of infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. A virus is a form of bacteria that draws nutrients away from your body, leaving you sick. Bacteria are tiny microscopic, very simple, cells that live everywhere. Some are harmless, but some are viruses that can leave you sick for a long time. Fungi are a group of bacteria. A lot of fungi can be dangerous, and even deadly, but some are healthy, like non-poisonous mushrooms. Protozoa are not always good. They eat bacteria, which is a good thing and a bad thing, because they eat the bad bacteria, which is a good thing, but they also eat the good bacteria, which is a bad thing.

Infectious diseases are transmitted in several different ways. They can be transmitted from animals to humans, and from humans to other humans. They can be in one person, who drinks out of a cup of water, but also leaves their saliva on the cup. If another person drinks out of that cup, they can pick up the disease in the other person’s saliva. They can also be transmitted when mosquitos bite you. Some mosquitos have a disease in their blood called malaria. When they bite you, their saliva, along with the disease, is transmitted into your blood stream. Household animals can also give you diseases. If a cat or dog gets some sort of disease on its claws, and then scratches you, that would also transmit the disease into your blood stream. If a baby is sick and bites you, and breaks the skin, the disease can get under your skin.

Hope this helped all of you guys! Comment any questions you have!

Apologia Physical Science Lesson 3-- Module 11

Kon'nichiwa, guys! Olydia here again! Today we'll be doing another lesson from our Apologia Physical Science book, Module 11. Our topics today are:

• The Four Fundamental Forces of Creation
• Gravitational Force
• Force and Circular motion
• Fictional Force
• Gravitational Force in our Solar System
• Comets, Meteors, Meteorites, and Meteoroids
• What Causes Gravitational Force

Let's start!

1. The Four Fundamental Forces of Creation. The four fundamental forces are gravitational, electromagnetic, weak force, and strong force. They're called fundamental forces because all force is traced back to one of these four forces. 

2. Gravitational force is the easiest force to recognize. Gravity is everywhere on earth. It may seem easy, but it's hard to understand. Scientists aren't exactly sure what causes it. When an apple falls off of a tree, it doesn't actually fall, it is pulled by gravity to the ground. The three general principles of the Universal Law of Gravitation are: 

a) All objects with mass are attracted to one another by the gravitation force. 

b) The gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the mass of each object.

c) The gravitational force between two masses is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between those two objects.

3. Force and Circular Motion. Circular motion requires a special force, which is centripetal force. Centripetal force is the force necessary to make an object move in a circle. It is directed perpendicular to the velocity of the object, which means it points toward the center of the circle. There'll be a video below with an experiment using centripetal force and circular motion.

4. Fictional Force. 

Apologia Exploring Creation with Chemistry and Physics

Kon'nichiwa! Today we'll be using a different Apologia book! Olivia is using Physical Science, but I, Lydia, am using Exploring Creation with Chemistry and Physics. We'll be through Chemistry and Physics, and picking out special activities that we want to share with you guys!
Let's start!

1. First, we'll be doing an experiment, with explanations, on p. 103. This experiment is about inertia in movement! The materials that you will need are:  a paper plate, a glass of water, a raw egg, an empty toilet paper tube, and a smooth flat surface to do the experiment on. 
2. Second, we'll be doing another experiment, from page 115. This experiment is about gravitational pull. The materials that you will need are: two pieces of paper, and a chair.
3. The next experiment is a variation of the experiment on p. 122. It revolves around centripetal force. The materials you will need are: some marbles or golf balls, and a pail or basket.

Let's get started! Here are our videos for theses experiments... please watch them, and let us know what you think!

           ~Olydia~

Apologia Physical Science--Lesson 2, Module 10

Hallo, guys! It's Olydia again!
Today we're doing a lesson on Newton's Laws of Motion. In case you didn't know, there are three laws that all motion follows. We'll be covering all three of these, with additional videos, explain the laws, in case you don't understand. The three laws are:

• An object in motion (or at rest) will tend to stay in motion (or at rest) unless acted upon by an outside force.
• When an object is acted upon by one or more outside forces the total force is equal to the mass of  an object times the resulting acceleration.
• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Let's start!

Newton's first law. If you start rolling a ball, the ball will keep rolling unless you make it stop, by touching it, or putting something in front of it to make it stop. It will also be stopped by friction if the surface that it is rolling on contains it.

Newton's second law. If you push a block of stone, friction slows you down but if you get your friend to help you by pulling it, it will cancel out the friction.

Newton's third law. If you push your friend, they will fall in the direction you pushed them but you will also be pushed back in the opposite direction. (Granted, you probably wont fall because you are better balanced but you'll have to brace yourself.)

I think that's all we have for today! Comment if you have any questions, or if you didn't understand anything. Thank's for reading!

                    ~Olydia~

p.s.-- videos will come soon! -Olydia

Apologia Physical Science--Lesson 1, Module 9

Hola, guys! Olydia (Olivia and Lydia) here! We're starting a blog explaining lessons from our science textbook. which is Apologia's Exploring Creation with Physical Science.
Today's lesson is from Module 9: Motion. The lessons that we will explain are:

• What is motion?
• What is force?
• What is position?
• Is all motion relative?
• What is speed?
• What is velocity?
• What is acceleration?
• What is free fall?

Let's get started!

1. What is motion? Let's give an example. There is a piece of cake five feet away. You want to eat that cake, so you walk over to the cake, and eat it. That is motion. Motion is an object's movement.

2. What is force? Force is the push or pull of an object. Here's an example. You're trying out for baseball. You need to throw the ball, which requires force. It takes force for you to release the ball, in order for it, in turn, to to fly where you want it.

3. What is position? Position is the location of an object. If the position is moving, then the object is in motion. If there's a bowl of fruit in front of you, to you, it isn't moving, right? But if there was a man in space, to him, the bowl of fruit is moving, because the earth is rotating.

4. Is all motion relative? Yes all motion is relative, because of reference point. Go back to the bowl of fruit. You are the reference point. The man in space is also his reference point.

5. What is speed? Speed is how fast an object is moving. The equation for speed is speed= distance/time.

6. What is velocity? Velocity is speed with direction. If an airplane was flying it has to be flying in a certain direction, like north, south, east, or west. The equation for velocity is the same as speed, just add direction.

7. What is acceleration? Back to the baseball. If you threw it up in the air, you're not just using force, you're also using acceleration. Acceleration is the increase of velocity. The equation for acceleration is acceleration= final velocity - initial velocity/ time.

8. What is free fall? Free fall is when an object is moving without any force, only gravity. Think of an apple falling off of a tree. You aren't yanking it off of the tree, gravity just pulls it down.

I think that's all we have for today. Our next lesson will follow Module 10, and it will be about Newton's 3 laws of motion.




           

~Olydia~